Question:

What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand what denaturation is.

Step 2: Understand the structure of proteins.

Step 3: Research how denaturation affects the structure of proteins.

Step 4: Analyze the results of your research and draw conclusions.

Question:

What are the products of hydrolysis of sucrose?

Answer:

Answer:

1. Hydrolysis of sucrose produces two simple sugars: glucose and fructose.
2. Glucose and fructose are the products of hydrolysis of sucrose.

Question:

Difference between globular proteins & fibrous proteins.

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the definition of globular proteins and fibrous proteins.

Step 2: Compare the structures of globular proteins and fibrous proteins.

Step 3: Identify the differences between globular proteins and fibrous proteins.

Step 4: Summarize the differences between globular proteins and fibrous proteins.

Question:

Enumerate the reactions of D -glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structures.

Answer:

1. First, identify the open chain structures of D-glucose.

2. Next, identify the reactions of D-glucose that cannot be explained by the open chain structures.

3. Lastly, enumerate the reactions of D-glucose that cannot be explained by the open chain structures.

Question:

What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose ?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the question.

Step 2: Research the difference between starch and cellulose.

Step 3: Identify the basic structural difference between the two.

Step 4: Answer the question: The basic structural difference between starch and cellulose is that starch is made up of glucose molecules linked together in a linear chain, while cellulose is made up of glucose molecules linked together in a branched chain.

Question:

What are reducing sugars?

Answer:

Answer: Reducing sugars are a type of sugar that can act as an oxidizing agent in certain chemical reactions. They have a free aldehyde or ketone group, which can react with other molecules, such as proteins, to form bonds. Examples of reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, and lactose.

Question:

What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.

Answer:

Essential amino acids: Amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained from dietary sources. Examples include lysine and threonine.

Non-essential amino acids: Amino acids that the body can produce on its own. Examples include asparagine and glutamine.

Question:

What happens when D−glucose is treated with the following reagents? (i) HI (ii) Bromine water (iii) HNO3​.

Answer:

(i) HI: When D-glucose is treated with HI, it will form an isomeric compound, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

(ii) Bromine water: When D-glucose is treated with bromine water, it will form an aldehyde, 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dideoxy-D-glucose.

(iii) HNO3: When D-glucose is treated with HNO3, it will form an anhydride, 1,2-dinitro-1,2-dideoxy-D-glucose.

Question:

Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, maltose, galactose, fructose and lactose.

Answer:

Monosaccharides: Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides: Maltose, lactose

Question:

Write two main functions of carbohydrates in plants.

Answer:

1. Energy Storage: Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for plants. They are converted into glucose, which is then used to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

2. Structural Support: Carbohydrates are also used by plants to provide structural support. Cellulose, a type of carbohydrate, is used to form the cell walls of plants, providing them with strength and rigidity.

Question:

Define the following terms as related to proteins. (i) Peptide linkage (ii) Primary structure (iii) Denaturation

Answer:

(i) Peptide linkage: A peptide linkage is a type of chemical bond formed between two amino acids when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid. This bond forms a peptide bond, which is the primary covalent bond that holds together the amino acid subunits of a protein.

(ii) Primary structure: The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. This sequence is determined by the genetic code and can be used to identify the protein and its function.

(iii) Denaturation: Denaturation is a process in which the structure of a protein is changed due to external factors such as heat, pH, or chemical agents. This change in structure can cause the protein to lose its biological activity and become inactive.

Question:

What are monosaccharides?

Answer:

Answer: Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single molecule of sugar. They are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question:

What are the different types of RNA found in the cell?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the question.

Step 2: Research the different types of RNA found in cells.

Step 3: List the types of RNA found in cells.

Answer: The different types of RNA found in cells are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA).

Question:

The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain.

Answer:

Answer: DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that are held together by hydrogen bonds. These two strands are not identical but are complementary. This means that the nucleotides on each strand are arranged in such a way that the hydrogen bonds between them form base pairs. Specifically, adenine (A) on one strand forms a base pair with thymine (T) on the other strand and guanine (G) on one strand forms a base pair with cytosine (C) on the other strand. This complementary base pairing allows for DNA to replicate accurately and for genetic information to be stored and passed on from generation to generation.

Question:

Write the important structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA.

Answer:

1. Structurally, DNA is composed of two strands that are coiled together to form a double helix. RNA is composed of a single strand that is usually in the form of a spiral.

2. Functionally, DNA acts as the genetic material that is passed down from generation to generation and contains the instructions for protein synthesis. RNA is involved in the process of protein synthesis and is responsible for the transfer of genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Question:

What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage?

Answer:

Answer:

1. Glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide molecules.
2. It is formed when the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide molecule reacts with the anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide molecule.
3. This type of bond is responsible for the formation of complex carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen.
4. The glycosidic linkage is also known as a glycosidic bond or a glycosidic bond.

Question:

What is glycogen? How it is different from Starch?

Answer:

Answer:

1. Glycogen is a type of polysaccharide that is found in animals and fungi. It is the main form of glucose storage in the body and is made up of chains of glucose molecules.

2. Starch is also a type of polysaccharide, but it is found in plants. It is made up of two different types of glucose molecules, amylose and amylopectin.

3. The main difference between glycogen and starch is that glycogen is more highly branched, meaning it has more branches of glucose molecules than starch does. This makes it more easily broken down and used for energy. Additionally, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, while starch is stored in the plant cells.

Question:

What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the α−helix structure of proteins?

Answer:

Answer:

1. The type of bonding that helps in stabilizing the α−helix structure of proteins is hydrogen bonding.
2. Hydrogen bonds form between the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of the protein chain and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the adjacent residues.
3. These hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of the α−helix structure of proteins by providing a strong and rigid scaffold.

Question:

What are enzymes?

Answer:

1. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
2. They speed up chemical reactions, allowing them to occur more quickly and efficiently.
3. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning they will only catalyze a single reaction or a very small group of reactions.
4. Enzymes are involved in many essential processes in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, and energy production.
5. Enzymes can be found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.

Question:

How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?

Answer:

1. First, explain what amphoteric behaviour is. Amphoteric behaviour is the ability of a substance to act as an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the solution.

2. Next, explain why amino acids exhibit amphoteric behaviour. Amino acids contain both acidic and basic functional groups, such as carboxylic acid and amine groups. These functional groups can react with hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-), depending on the pH of the solution.

3. Finally, explain how the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids is important. The amphoteric behaviour of amino acids allows them to act as buffers, which helps to maintain a stable pH in a solution. This is important in biological systems, such as the human body, where a stable pH is required for optimal functioning.

Question:

What are the hydrolysis products of lactose?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand what hydrolysis is. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule using water.

Step 2: Understand what lactose is. Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose molecules.

Step 3: Calculate the hydrolysis products of lactose. The hydrolysis products of lactose are glucose and galactose.

Question:

How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.

Answer:

1. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble.

2. Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood.

Question:

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the terms. A nucleoside is a molecule composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose). A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Step 2: Compare the two terms. The main difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide is that a nucleoside is composed of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar, while a nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Question:

Why are vitamin A and vitamin C essential to us? Give their important sources.

Answer:

Answer:

1. Vitamin A and Vitamin C are essential to us because they are important for our overall health and wellbeing.
2. Vitamin A helps to maintain healthy vision, skin, bones, and teeth, while Vitamin C helps to boost the immune system and protect against infection.
3. Important sources of Vitamin A include dairy products, eggs, carrots, sweet potatoes, and dark green leafy vegetables.
4. Important sources of Vitamin C include citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes, as well as bell peppers, broccoli, and strawberries.

Question:

What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?

Answer:

1. Step 1: Understand the question.

2. Step 2: Research the answer.

3. Step 3: Answer the question. Answer: The common types of secondary structure of proteins are alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns/loops.

Question:

What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions.

Answer:

Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides. They are the most important macromolecules in living organisms. The two important functions of nucleic acids are:

1. Genetic Information: Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next.

2. Metabolic Regulation: Nucleic acids are also involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways and processes in cells.